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Production of plants with prolonged shelf life using direct gene transfer method:
1. Generate plasmid(Ti/Ri) containing genes for extended shelf-life.
- Plasmid can then be transferred into plant cells by various direct gene transfer method.
2.Liposomes/ synthetic lipid vesicles:
-liposomes allow entrapment of DNA and can interact with a variety of cells
-plasmids will eventually be transferred to their nucleus
-liposomes protect foreign DNA contained inside from nuclease enzyme attack
3. PEG+Ca2t+high pH
-for direct gene transfer to dicot and monocot protoplast
-with PEG at high pH in presence of ca2+
-for delivery of naked DNA or DNA encapsulated in liposomes
-increases permeability of cell membrane to DNA
-stable integration of introduced DNA
-regeneration of transformed plants
4.Electroporation
-application of low A.C supply and high D.C supply
-induce transient pore formation in plasma membrane for entry of DNA
-time taken is critical for DNA transfer and cell survival
-optimum conditions
-foreign gene expression achieved in intact bacterial, yeast and etc.
-as well as protoplasts of fungi and plants
5. Microprojectile bombardment
-using high velocity DNA-coated microprojectile
-exogenous DNA or RNA can be coated on surface of microscopic tungsten/gold microprojectiles
-then accelerated to high velocities by a particle gun to pierce walls and membranes
6.Microinjections
-using capillary micropipettes
-most direct and precise method of delivering DNA into specific cell compartments
-but requires sophisticated euipment and well-trained personnel

This question is worth of 15 marks.
15 marks!.
Omg.. I hope my answer to this is roughly there.
Ks, this is just for practice and understanding.
Gonna memorise soon.
Biotech = memorise = so died

Done =)
will be back soon!.